Sound Card - Sound cards can also be referred to as an audio card, this is an internal expansion cars that impedes input and output of sound signals to and from the computer. Sound cards are used to boost audio for computers that have struggles with the sound. The only downfall of these sound cards is that they can sometimes limit the sound depending on the motherboard that you have. For example if you have headphones which allow 7.1 but your audio card will only allow 2.1 then its going to be less of an experience when gaming.
Audio Processors - The purpose of an Audio processor is to take the digital and analogue sounds and make sure their outputs are correct once they're transmitted, this keeps the sound quality consistent and uninterrupted
Mono - Mono is short for monologue, this means that you only have one channel within the audio stream, this is commonly used in gaming headsets, such as the default PS4 headset only has a mono sound channel. Its the same with Bluetooth devices.
Stereo - Stereo is short for stereophonic, this means that you have more than one channel within the audio stream, with this one you normally get 2 channels, these channels are left and right. this is commonly used in headphones to get the sound in the left and right ear at the same time giving the user a better listening experience.
3D Sound - 3D sound is the next step up from stereo, this gives a much more realistic feel to the sound and is preferred by many gamers, this have multiply channels and also gives the sound a height difference, so if the sound was a helicopter flying above the sound would be more to the top of the headphones which would make it sound much more life like.
Surround Sound - Surround sound works the same way as 3D sound but gives a much more realistic and immersed experience. The user normally has 2 or more speakers places in the foreground and background so the sound can travel throughout. Surround sound uses 3 different channels, the third is normally place in front or behind the user to give a much more 3D effect.
Channels - A Channel is one separate stream of audio information. for example Mono sound will only have one channel and Stereo will have just 2 (Left and Right). As technology has advanced other sound types have appeared, these are 5.1 and 7.1. Both of these types use 5 or more channels, this means they output from more than one place.
Sampling rate - Sampling rate refers to the amount of samples per second that the audio stream is carrying. This is measures in Hz and kHz, one kHz is the equal to 1000Hz. Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies carried in an audio stream. The current sampling rate for a CD is 44100Hz or 44.1kHz.
Memory - As with most of the things I have explained the sound card also needs memory, the sound is stored in the computer by converting sound waves into numeric values. This process is also known as ADC (Analogue to Digital Conversion). This storage is useful when your computer is looking for an audio file as it makes is much more efficient for your computer to get it.
MCP - MCP is also referred to as Media and Communications Processor. This is the equivalent of a regular chipset. The MCP is designed to create and distribute digital media. It processes all types of audio, video, and graphics using a multimedia system. This is also used to support other GPUs and Ethernet.